Research
The water that flows in a river carries an integrated signal of the air, plants and soil it has moved through before it reaches the river.
We investigate the biogeochemistry of rivers as a way of understanding what is going on in the landscapes they drain. For example, we use stable isotopes and radiocarbon to determine the origin of river carbon, such as the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) these watersheds transport and emit. We use microbial community information to understand how carbon is transported and transformed as it moves through watersheds.
While our focus is on rivers and carbon, we're also interested in landscape biogeochemistry more broadly, including nutrients, soil health, and hydrogen (H2) fluxes.
We investigate the biogeochemistry of rivers as a way of understanding what is going on in the landscapes they drain. For example, we use stable isotopes and radiocarbon to determine the origin of river carbon, such as the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) these watersheds transport and emit. We use microbial community information to understand how carbon is transported and transformed as it moves through watersheds.
While our focus is on rivers and carbon, we're also interested in landscape biogeochemistry more broadly, including nutrients, soil health, and hydrogen (H2) fluxes.
Method developmentA new method to collect dissolved aquatic CH4 at low concentrations for C-14 analysis to trace point source pollution and methane dynamics in natural environments.
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Quantifying fluxes
We quantify both the magnitude and source of carbon emitted from rivers, ponds and lakes in the East Siberian Arctic tundra.
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Understanding processes
We assess the key drivers of methane production and consumption for wetlands, marine and freshwaters, permafrost regions, and methane hydrates.
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Publications
*bold = supervised PhD/MSc student
Dean JF & Battin TJ. Future directions for river carbon biogeochemistry observations. Nature Water (2024). doi.org/10.1038/s44221-024-00207-8
Dean JF, Billett MF, Turner T E, Garnett MH, Andersen R, McKenzie RM, Dinsmore KJ, Baird AJ, Chapman PJ, Holden J. Peatlandpools are tightly coupled to the contemporary carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 30, e16999 (2023). doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16999
*Pelsma KAJ, Verhagen DAM, Dean JF, Jetten MSM, Welte CU. Methanotrophic potential of Dutch canal wall biofilms is driven by Methylomonadaceae. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 99(10), 1-9 (2023). doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiad110
*Meisel OH, Rijkers R, Dean JF, in ’t Zandt MH, van Huissteden J, Maximov TC, Karsanaev S, Belelli Marchesini L, Goovaerts A, Wacker L, Reichart G-J, Bouillon S, Welte CU, Jetten MSM, Vonk JE, Dolman H. Geochemical, sedimentological and microbial diversity in two thermokarst lakes of far Eastern Siberia. Biogeochemistry 165, 239-263 (2023). doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01076-1
Saros JE, Arp CD, Bouchard F, Comte J, Couture R-M, Dean JF, Lafrenière M, MacIntyre S, McGowan S, Rautio M, Prater C, Tank SE, Walvoord M, Wickland KP, Antoniades D, Ayala-Borda P, Canario J, Drake TW, Folhas D, Hazuková V, Kivilä H, Klanten Y, Lamoureux S, Laurion I, Pilla RM, Vonk JE, Zolkos S, Vincent WF. Sentinel responses of Arctic freshwater systems to climate: linkages, evidence, and a roadmap for future research. Arctic Science 9(2), 356-392 (2023). doi.org/10.1139/as-2022-0021
Dean JF. Target methane. Communications Earth & Environment 3, 228 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00560-0
*Pelsma KAJ, in ’t Zandt MH, Op den Camp HJM, Jetten MSM, Dean JF, Welte CU. Amsterdam urban canals contain novel niches for methane-cycling microorganisms. Environmental Microbiology 24(1), 82-97 (2022). doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15864
Oehri J, Gabriela Schaepman-Strub G, Kim J-S, Grysko R, Kropp H, Grünberg I, Zemlianskii V, Sonnentag O, Euskirchen ES, Chacko MR, Muscari G, Blanken PD, Dean JF, di Sarra A, Harding RJ, Sobota I, Kutzbach L, Plekhanova E, Riihelä A, Boike J, Miller NB, Beringer J, López-Blanco E, Stoy PC, Sullivan RC, Kejna M, Parmentier F-JW, Gamon JA, Mastepanov M, Wille C, Jackowicz-Korczynski M, Karger DN, Quinton WL, Putkonen J, van As D, Christensen TR, Hakuba MZ, Stone RS, Metzger S, Vandecrux B, Frost GV, Wild M, Hansen B, Meloni D, Domine F, te Beest M, Sachs T, Kalhori A, Rocha AV, Williamson SN, Morris S, Atchley AL, Essery R, Runkle BRK, Holl D, Riihimaki LD, Iwata H, Schuur EAG, Cox CJ, Grachev AA, McFadden JP, Fausto RS, Göckede M, Ueyama M, Pirk N, de Boer G, Bret-Harte MS, Leppäranta M, Steffen K, Friborg T, Ohmura A, Edgar CW, Olofsson J, Chambers SD. Vegetation type is an important predictor of the arctic summer land surface energy budget. Nature Communications 13, 6379 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34049-3
Materić D, Peacock M, Dean JF, Futter M, Maximov T, Moldan F, Röckmann T, Holzinger R. Presence of nanoplastics in rural and remote surface waters. Environmental Research Letters 17, 054036 (2022). doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac68f7
Dean JF. Time to reconcile methane inventories; in: Dean JF, Kiendler-Scharr A, Mengis N, Rudich Y, Schepanski K, Zimmermann R. Above us only sky. Communications Earth & Environment 2, 179, 1-2 (2021). doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00245-0
*Meisel OH, Dean JF, Vonk JE, Wacker L, Reichart G-J, Dolman H. Porewater δ13CDOC indicates variable extent of degradation in different talik layers of coastal Alaskan thermokarst lakes. Biogeosciences 18, 2241–2258 (2021). doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2241-2021
Wologo E, Shakil S, Zolkos S, Textor S, Ewing S, Klassen J, Spencer RGM, Podgorski DC, Tank SE, Baker MA, O'Donnell JA, Wickland KP, Foks SSW, Zarnetske JP, Lee-Cullin J, Liu F, Yang Y, Kortelainen P, Kolehmainen J, Dean JF, Vonk JE, Holmes RM, Pinay G, Powell MM, Howe J, Frei RJ, Bratsman SP, Abbott BW. Stream dissolved organic matter in permafrost regions shows surprising compositional similarities but negative priming and nutrient effects. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 35, e2020GB006719, 1-25 (2021). doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006719
Dean JF. Old methane and modern climate change. Science 367(6480), 846-848 (2020). doi.org/10.1126/science.aba8518
Dean JF, *Meisel OH, *Martyn Roscoe M, Belelli Marchesini L, Garnett MH, *Lenderink H, van Logtestijn R, Borges AV, Bouillon S, Lambert T, Röckmann T, Maximov T, Petrov R, Karsanaev S, Aerts R, van Huissteden J, Vonk JE, Dolman AJ. East Siberian Arctic inland waters emit mostly contemporary carbon. Nature Communications 11, 1627 (2020). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15511-6
Street LE, Garnett MH, Subke J-A, Baxter R, Dean JF, Wookey PA. Plant carbon allocation drives turnover of old soil organic matter in permafrost tundra soils. Global Change Biology 26, 4559-4571 (2020). doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15134
Estop-Aragonés C, Olefeldt D, Abbott BW, Chanton JP, Czimczik CI, Dean JF, Egan JE, Gandois L, Garnett MH, Hartley IP, Hoyt A, Lupascu M, McClelland JW, Natali SM, O’Donnell JA, Raymond PA, Tanentzap AJ, Tank SE, Schuur EAG, Turetsky M, Walter Anthony K. Assessing the potential for mobilization of old soil carbon after permafrost thaw: A synthesis of 14C measurements from the northern permafrost region. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 34(9), e2020GB006672 (2020). doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006672
Dean JF. Groundwater dependent ecosystems in arid zones can use ancient subterranean carbon as an energy source in the local food web. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 124, 733-736 (2019). doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005089
Dean JF, Garnett MH, Spyrakos E, Billett MF. The potential hidden age of dissolved organic carbon exported by peatland streams. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 124, 328-341 (2019). doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004650
Dean JF, Middelburg JJ, Röckmann T, Aerts R, Blauw L, Egger M, Jetten MSM, de Jong AEE, *Meisel OH, Rasigraf O, Slomp CP, in ’t Zandt MH, Dolman AJ. Methane feedbacks to the global climate system in a warmer world. Reviews of Geophysics 56, 207-250 (2018). doi.org/10.1002/2017RG000559
Dean JF, van der Velde V, Garnett MH, Dinsmore KJ, Lessels JS, Street L, Subke J-A, Washbourne I, Wookey PA, Billett MF. Abundant pre-industrial carbon detected in Canadian Arctic headwaters: implications for the permafrost carbon feedback. Environmental Research Letters 13(3), 034024 (2018). doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa1fe
Dean JF, van Hal JR, Dolman AJ, Aerts R, Weedon JT. Filtration artefacts in bacterial community composition can affect the outcome of dissolved organic matter biolability assays. Biogeosciences 15, 7141-7154 (2018). doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7141-2018
de Jong AEE, in ‘t Zandt MH, *Meisel OH, Jetten MSM, Dean JF, Rasigraf O, Welte CU. Increases in temperature and nutrient availability positively affect methane-cycling microorganisms in Arctic thermokarst lake sediments. Environmental Microbiology 20(12), 4314-4327 (2018). doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.14345
Dresel PE, Dean JF, Perveen F, Webb JA, Hekmeijer P, Adelana SM, Daly E. Effect of Eucalyptus plantations, geology, and precipitation variability of water resources in upland intermittent catchments. Journal of Hydrology 564, 723-739 (2018). doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.07.019
Dean JF, Billett MF, Murray C, Garnett MH. Ancient dissolved methane in inland waters revealed by a new collection method at low field concentrations for radiocarbon (14C) analysis. Water Research 115, 236-244 (2017). doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.009
Dean JF, Billett MF, Dinsmore K, Lessels J, Street L, Teztlaff D, Wookey PA. Biogeochemistry of “pristine” freshwater stream and lake systems in the western Canadian Arctic. Biogeochemistry 130(3), 191-213 (2016). doi.org/10.1007/s10533-016-0252-2
Street L, Dean JF, Billett MF, Baxter R, Dinsmore KJ, Lessels J, Subke J-A, Teztlaff D, Wookey, PA. Redox dynamics in the active layer of an Arctic headwater catchment: the potential for transfer of dissolved methane from soils to stream water. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 121(11), 2776-2792 (2016). doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003387
Garnett MH, Billett MF, Gulliver P, Dean JF. A new field approach for the collection of samples for aquatic 14CO2 analysis using headspace equilibration and molecular sieve traps: the super headspace method. Ecohydrology 9(8), 1630-1638 (2016). doi.org/10.1002/eco.1754
Dean JF, Camporese M, Webb JA, Grover SP, Dresel PE, Daly E. Water balance complexities in ephemeral catchments with different land uses: insights from monitoring and distributed hydrological modelling. Water Resources Research 52(6), 4713-4729 (2016). doi.org/10.1002/2016WR018663
Dean JF, Webb JA, Jacobsen G, Chisari R, Dresel PE. A groundwater recharge perspective on locating tree plantations within low rainfall catchments to limit water resource losses. Hydrology and Earth Systems Sciences 19(2), 1107-1123 (2015). doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1107-2015
Dean JF, Webb JA, Jacobsen G, Chisari R, Dresel PE. Biomass uptake and fire control groundwater solute evolution on a southeast Australian granite: Aboriginal land management hypothesis. Biogeosciences 11(15), 4099-4114 (2014). doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4099-2014
Camporese M, Dean JF, Dresel PE, Webb JA, Daly E. Hydrological modelling of paired catchments with competing land uses. Proceedings of the 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM 2013) (2013).
Dresel PE, Hekmeijer P, Dean JF, Harvey W, Webb JA, Cook P. Use of laser-scan technology to analyse topography and flow in a weir pool. Hydrology and Earth Systems Sciences 16(8), 2703-2708 (2012). doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2703-2012
Brook M, Dean JF, Keys H. Response of a mid-latitude cirque glacier to climate over the last two decades: Mangaehuehu Glacier, Mt Ruapehu. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 36(14), 1973-1980 (2011). doi.org/10.1002/esp.2195
Dean JF, Billett MF, Turner T E, Garnett MH, Andersen R, McKenzie RM, Dinsmore KJ, Baird AJ, Chapman PJ, Holden J. Peatlandpools are tightly coupled to the contemporary carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 30, e16999 (2023). doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16999
*Pelsma KAJ, Verhagen DAM, Dean JF, Jetten MSM, Welte CU. Methanotrophic potential of Dutch canal wall biofilms is driven by Methylomonadaceae. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 99(10), 1-9 (2023). doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiad110
*Meisel OH, Rijkers R, Dean JF, in ’t Zandt MH, van Huissteden J, Maximov TC, Karsanaev S, Belelli Marchesini L, Goovaerts A, Wacker L, Reichart G-J, Bouillon S, Welte CU, Jetten MSM, Vonk JE, Dolman H. Geochemical, sedimentological and microbial diversity in two thermokarst lakes of far Eastern Siberia. Biogeochemistry 165, 239-263 (2023). doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01076-1
Saros JE, Arp CD, Bouchard F, Comte J, Couture R-M, Dean JF, Lafrenière M, MacIntyre S, McGowan S, Rautio M, Prater C, Tank SE, Walvoord M, Wickland KP, Antoniades D, Ayala-Borda P, Canario J, Drake TW, Folhas D, Hazuková V, Kivilä H, Klanten Y, Lamoureux S, Laurion I, Pilla RM, Vonk JE, Zolkos S, Vincent WF. Sentinel responses of Arctic freshwater systems to climate: linkages, evidence, and a roadmap for future research. Arctic Science 9(2), 356-392 (2023). doi.org/10.1139/as-2022-0021
Dean JF. Target methane. Communications Earth & Environment 3, 228 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00560-0
*Pelsma KAJ, in ’t Zandt MH, Op den Camp HJM, Jetten MSM, Dean JF, Welte CU. Amsterdam urban canals contain novel niches for methane-cycling microorganisms. Environmental Microbiology 24(1), 82-97 (2022). doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15864
Oehri J, Gabriela Schaepman-Strub G, Kim J-S, Grysko R, Kropp H, Grünberg I, Zemlianskii V, Sonnentag O, Euskirchen ES, Chacko MR, Muscari G, Blanken PD, Dean JF, di Sarra A, Harding RJ, Sobota I, Kutzbach L, Plekhanova E, Riihelä A, Boike J, Miller NB, Beringer J, López-Blanco E, Stoy PC, Sullivan RC, Kejna M, Parmentier F-JW, Gamon JA, Mastepanov M, Wille C, Jackowicz-Korczynski M, Karger DN, Quinton WL, Putkonen J, van As D, Christensen TR, Hakuba MZ, Stone RS, Metzger S, Vandecrux B, Frost GV, Wild M, Hansen B, Meloni D, Domine F, te Beest M, Sachs T, Kalhori A, Rocha AV, Williamson SN, Morris S, Atchley AL, Essery R, Runkle BRK, Holl D, Riihimaki LD, Iwata H, Schuur EAG, Cox CJ, Grachev AA, McFadden JP, Fausto RS, Göckede M, Ueyama M, Pirk N, de Boer G, Bret-Harte MS, Leppäranta M, Steffen K, Friborg T, Ohmura A, Edgar CW, Olofsson J, Chambers SD. Vegetation type is an important predictor of the arctic summer land surface energy budget. Nature Communications 13, 6379 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34049-3
Materić D, Peacock M, Dean JF, Futter M, Maximov T, Moldan F, Röckmann T, Holzinger R. Presence of nanoplastics in rural and remote surface waters. Environmental Research Letters 17, 054036 (2022). doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac68f7
Dean JF. Time to reconcile methane inventories; in: Dean JF, Kiendler-Scharr A, Mengis N, Rudich Y, Schepanski K, Zimmermann R. Above us only sky. Communications Earth & Environment 2, 179, 1-2 (2021). doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00245-0
*Meisel OH, Dean JF, Vonk JE, Wacker L, Reichart G-J, Dolman H. Porewater δ13CDOC indicates variable extent of degradation in different talik layers of coastal Alaskan thermokarst lakes. Biogeosciences 18, 2241–2258 (2021). doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2241-2021
Wologo E, Shakil S, Zolkos S, Textor S, Ewing S, Klassen J, Spencer RGM, Podgorski DC, Tank SE, Baker MA, O'Donnell JA, Wickland KP, Foks SSW, Zarnetske JP, Lee-Cullin J, Liu F, Yang Y, Kortelainen P, Kolehmainen J, Dean JF, Vonk JE, Holmes RM, Pinay G, Powell MM, Howe J, Frei RJ, Bratsman SP, Abbott BW. Stream dissolved organic matter in permafrost regions shows surprising compositional similarities but negative priming and nutrient effects. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 35, e2020GB006719, 1-25 (2021). doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006719
Dean JF. Old methane and modern climate change. Science 367(6480), 846-848 (2020). doi.org/10.1126/science.aba8518
Dean JF, *Meisel OH, *Martyn Roscoe M, Belelli Marchesini L, Garnett MH, *Lenderink H, van Logtestijn R, Borges AV, Bouillon S, Lambert T, Röckmann T, Maximov T, Petrov R, Karsanaev S, Aerts R, van Huissteden J, Vonk JE, Dolman AJ. East Siberian Arctic inland waters emit mostly contemporary carbon. Nature Communications 11, 1627 (2020). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15511-6
Street LE, Garnett MH, Subke J-A, Baxter R, Dean JF, Wookey PA. Plant carbon allocation drives turnover of old soil organic matter in permafrost tundra soils. Global Change Biology 26, 4559-4571 (2020). doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15134
Estop-Aragonés C, Olefeldt D, Abbott BW, Chanton JP, Czimczik CI, Dean JF, Egan JE, Gandois L, Garnett MH, Hartley IP, Hoyt A, Lupascu M, McClelland JW, Natali SM, O’Donnell JA, Raymond PA, Tanentzap AJ, Tank SE, Schuur EAG, Turetsky M, Walter Anthony K. Assessing the potential for mobilization of old soil carbon after permafrost thaw: A synthesis of 14C measurements from the northern permafrost region. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 34(9), e2020GB006672 (2020). doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006672
Dean JF. Groundwater dependent ecosystems in arid zones can use ancient subterranean carbon as an energy source in the local food web. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 124, 733-736 (2019). doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005089
Dean JF, Garnett MH, Spyrakos E, Billett MF. The potential hidden age of dissolved organic carbon exported by peatland streams. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 124, 328-341 (2019). doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004650
Dean JF, Middelburg JJ, Röckmann T, Aerts R, Blauw L, Egger M, Jetten MSM, de Jong AEE, *Meisel OH, Rasigraf O, Slomp CP, in ’t Zandt MH, Dolman AJ. Methane feedbacks to the global climate system in a warmer world. Reviews of Geophysics 56, 207-250 (2018). doi.org/10.1002/2017RG000559
Dean JF, van der Velde V, Garnett MH, Dinsmore KJ, Lessels JS, Street L, Subke J-A, Washbourne I, Wookey PA, Billett MF. Abundant pre-industrial carbon detected in Canadian Arctic headwaters: implications for the permafrost carbon feedback. Environmental Research Letters 13(3), 034024 (2018). doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa1fe
Dean JF, van Hal JR, Dolman AJ, Aerts R, Weedon JT. Filtration artefacts in bacterial community composition can affect the outcome of dissolved organic matter biolability assays. Biogeosciences 15, 7141-7154 (2018). doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7141-2018
de Jong AEE, in ‘t Zandt MH, *Meisel OH, Jetten MSM, Dean JF, Rasigraf O, Welte CU. Increases in temperature and nutrient availability positively affect methane-cycling microorganisms in Arctic thermokarst lake sediments. Environmental Microbiology 20(12), 4314-4327 (2018). doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.14345
Dresel PE, Dean JF, Perveen F, Webb JA, Hekmeijer P, Adelana SM, Daly E. Effect of Eucalyptus plantations, geology, and precipitation variability of water resources in upland intermittent catchments. Journal of Hydrology 564, 723-739 (2018). doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.07.019
Dean JF, Billett MF, Murray C, Garnett MH. Ancient dissolved methane in inland waters revealed by a new collection method at low field concentrations for radiocarbon (14C) analysis. Water Research 115, 236-244 (2017). doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.009
Dean JF, Billett MF, Dinsmore K, Lessels J, Street L, Teztlaff D, Wookey PA. Biogeochemistry of “pristine” freshwater stream and lake systems in the western Canadian Arctic. Biogeochemistry 130(3), 191-213 (2016). doi.org/10.1007/s10533-016-0252-2
Street L, Dean JF, Billett MF, Baxter R, Dinsmore KJ, Lessels J, Subke J-A, Teztlaff D, Wookey, PA. Redox dynamics in the active layer of an Arctic headwater catchment: the potential for transfer of dissolved methane from soils to stream water. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 121(11), 2776-2792 (2016). doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003387
Garnett MH, Billett MF, Gulliver P, Dean JF. A new field approach for the collection of samples for aquatic 14CO2 analysis using headspace equilibration and molecular sieve traps: the super headspace method. Ecohydrology 9(8), 1630-1638 (2016). doi.org/10.1002/eco.1754
Dean JF, Camporese M, Webb JA, Grover SP, Dresel PE, Daly E. Water balance complexities in ephemeral catchments with different land uses: insights from monitoring and distributed hydrological modelling. Water Resources Research 52(6), 4713-4729 (2016). doi.org/10.1002/2016WR018663
Dean JF, Webb JA, Jacobsen G, Chisari R, Dresel PE. A groundwater recharge perspective on locating tree plantations within low rainfall catchments to limit water resource losses. Hydrology and Earth Systems Sciences 19(2), 1107-1123 (2015). doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1107-2015
Dean JF, Webb JA, Jacobsen G, Chisari R, Dresel PE. Biomass uptake and fire control groundwater solute evolution on a southeast Australian granite: Aboriginal land management hypothesis. Biogeosciences 11(15), 4099-4114 (2014). doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4099-2014
Camporese M, Dean JF, Dresel PE, Webb JA, Daly E. Hydrological modelling of paired catchments with competing land uses. Proceedings of the 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM 2013) (2013).
Dresel PE, Hekmeijer P, Dean JF, Harvey W, Webb JA, Cook P. Use of laser-scan technology to analyse topography and flow in a weir pool. Hydrology and Earth Systems Sciences 16(8), 2703-2708 (2012). doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2703-2012
Brook M, Dean JF, Keys H. Response of a mid-latitude cirque glacier to climate over the last two decades: Mangaehuehu Glacier, Mt Ruapehu. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 36(14), 1973-1980 (2011). doi.org/10.1002/esp.2195